外(Wai)加(Jia)剂(Ji)的(De)种(Zhong)类(Lei)分(Fen)析(Xi)!(?)掌(Zhang)握(Wo)这(Zhe)些(Xie)你(Ni)就(Jiu)是(Shi)大(Da)佬(Lao)!(?)
1.引(Yin)言(Yan)
普(Pu)通(Tong) 一(Yi)般(Ban)是(Shi)由(You)水(Shui)、(?)水(Shui)泥(Ni)、(?)砂(Sha)、(?)石(Shi)组(Zu)成(Cheng),(?)为(Wei)了(Liao)改(Gai)善(Shan) 性(Xing)能(Neng),(?)常(Chang)常(Chang)会(Hui)加(Jia)入(Ru)适(Shi)量(Liang)的(De)外(Wai)加(Jia)剂(Ji)。(?)外(Wai)加(Jia)剂(Ji)的(De)应(Ying)用(Yong)效(Xiao)果(Guo)需(Xu)要(Yao)通(Tong)过(Guo)有(You)效(Xiao)的(De)检(Jian)测(Ce)手(Shou)段(Duan)进(Jin)行(Xing)综(Zong)合(He)分(Fen)析(Xi),(?)在(Zai)实(Shi)际(Ji)检(Jian)测(Ce)过(Guo)程(Cheng)中(Zhong)存(Cun)在(Zai)着(Zhuo)一(Yi)些(Xie)客(Ke)观(Guan)问(Wen)题(Ti)亟(Ji)待(Dai)解(Jie)决(Jue),(?)需(Xu)要(Yao)明(Ming)确(Que)不(Bu)同(Tong)类(Lei)型(Xing)外(Wai)加(Jia)剂(Ji)的(De)适(Shi)用(Yong)范(Fan)围(Wei),(?)为(Wei)实(Shi)际(Ji)施(Shi)工(Gong)提(Ti)供(Gong)科(Ke)学(Xue)指(Zhi)导(Dao)。(?)
2. 外(Wai)加(Jia)剂(Ji)的(De)种(Zhong)类(Lei)和(He)作(Zuo)用(Yong)
外(Wai)加(Jia)剂(Ji)是(Shi)在(Zai) 拌(Ban)制(Zhi)过(Guo)程(Cheng)中(Zhong)掺(Chan)入(Ru)的(De)能(Neng)够(Gou)改(Gai)善(Shan) 性(Xing)能(Neng)的(De)材(Cai)料(Liao),(?)根(Gen)据(Ju)功(Gong)能(Neng)不(Bu)同(Tong)可(Ke)以(Yi)划(Hua)分(Fen)为(Wei)4种(Zhong)主(Zhu)要(Yao)类(Lei)型(Xing):(?)
其(Qi)一(Yi)改(Gai)善(Shan) 拌(Ban)和(He)物(Wu)流(Liu)变(Bian)性(Xing)能(Neng)的(De)外(Wai)加(Jia)剂(Ji),(?)比(Bi)如(Ru),(?)引(Yin)气(Qi)剂(Ji)、(?)碱(Jian)水(Shui)剂(Ji)、(?)泵(Beng)送(Song)剂(Ji);(?)
其(Qi)二(?)改(Gai)善(Shan) 硬(Ying)化(Hua)性(Xing)能(Neng)凝(Ning)结(Jie)时(Shi)间(Jian)的(De)外(Wai)加(Jia)剂(Ji),(?)比(Bi)如(Ru),(?)早(Zao)强(Qiang)剂(Ji)、(?)缓(Huan)凝(Ning)剂(Ji)、(?)速(Su)凝(Ning)剂(Ji);(?)
其(Qi)三(San).改(Gai)善(Shan) 耐(Nai)久(Jiu)性(Xing)的(De)外(Wai)加(Jia)剂(Ji),(?)比(Bi)如(Ru),(?)防(Fang)水(Shui)剂(Ji)、(?)引(Yin)气(Qi)剂(Ji)、(?)阻(Zu)锈(Xiu)剂(Ji)、(?)防(Fang)冻(Dong)剂(Ji);(?)
其(Qi)四(Si),(?)改(Gai)善(Shan) 其(Qi)他(Ta)性(Xing)能(Neng)的(De)外(Wai)加(Jia)剂(Ji),(?)比(Bi)如(Ru),(?)膨(Peng)胀(Zhang)剂(Ji)、(?)加(Jia)气(Qi)剂(Ji)、(?)着(Zhuo)色(Se)剂(Ji)。(?)使(Shi)用(Yong) 外(Wai)加(Jia)剂(Ji)能(Neng)够(Gou)产(Chan)生(Sheng)显(Xian)著(Zhu)的(De)经(Jing)济(Ji)效(Xiao)益(Yi),(?)减(Jian)轻(Qing)劳(Lao)动(Dong)强(Qiang)度(Du),(?)有(You)利(Li)于(Yu)开(Kai)展(Zhan)机(Ji)械(Xie)化(Hua)作(Zuo)业(Ye),(?)对(Dui)于(Yu)保(Bao)证(Zheng) 工(Gong)程(Cheng)施(Shi)工(Gong)质(Zhi)量(Liang)、(?)安(An)全(Quan)、(?)工(Gong)期(Qi)、(?)成(Cheng)本(Ben)等(Deng)方(Fang)面(Mian)的(De)目(Mu)标(Biao)具(Ju)有(You)重(Zhong)要(Yao)意(Yi)义(Yi)。(?)
3. 外(Wai)加(Jia)剂(Ji)检(Jian)测(Ce)问(Wen)题(Ti)分(Fen)析(Xi)
3.1 检(Jian)测(Ce)用(Yong)水(Shui)泥(Ni)
根(Gen)据(Ju)相(Xiang)关(Guan)标(Biao)准(Zhun),(?)检(Jian)测(Ce) 外(Wai)加(Jia)剂(Ji)性(Xing)能(Neng)应(Ying)该(Gai)采(Cai)用(Yong)专(Zhuan)用(Yong)的(De)基(Ji)准(Zhun)水(Shui)泥(Ni),(?)有(You)些(Xie)企(Qi)业(Ye)认(Ren)为(Wei)使(Shi)用(Yong)基(Ji)准(Zhun)水(Shui)泥(Ni)检(Jian)验(Yan)合(He)格(Ge)的(De)外(Wai)加(Jia)剂(Ji)在(Zai)实(Shi)际(Ji)施(Shi)工(Gong)中(Zhong)并(Bing)不(Bu)好(Hao)用(Yong),(?)因(Yin)此(Ci),(?)更(Geng)多(Duo)倾(Qing)向(Xiang)于(Yu)使(Shi)用(Yong)工(Gong)程(Cheng)水(Shui)泥(Ni)进(Jin)行(Xing)检(Jian)验(Yan)。(?)通(Tong)过(Guo)研(Yan)究(Jiu)发(Fa)现(Xian),(?)使(Shi)用(Yong)工(Gong)程(Cheng)水(Shui)泥(Ni)检(Jian)验(Yan)的(De)抗(Kang)压(Ya)强(Qiang)度(Du)比(Bi)大(Da)于(Yu)使(Shi)用(Yong)基(Ji)准(Zhun)水(Shui)泥(Ni)检(Jian)验(Yan)的(De)抗(Kang)压(Ya)强(Qiang)度(Du)比(Bi),(?)在(Zai)不(Bu)同(Tong)外(Wai)加(Jia)剂(Ji)数(Shu)量(Liang)下(Xia),(?)工(Gong)程(Cheng)水(Shui)泥(Ni)检(Jian)验(Yan)出(Chu)来(Lai)的(De)结(Jie)果(Guo)差(Cha)别(Bie)不(Bu)大(Da),(?)而(?)基(Ji)准(Zhun)水(Shui)泥(Ni)则(Ze)可(Ke)以(Yi)反(Fan)映(Ying)外(Wai)加(Jia)剂(Ji)质(Zhi)量(Liang)水(Shui)平(Ping),(?)所(Suo)以(Yi),(?)应(Ying)该(Gai)严(Yan)格(Ge)遵(Zun)循(Xun)国(Guo)家(Jia)检(Jian)测(Ce)标(Biao)准(Zhun),(?)采(Cai)用(Yong)基(Ji)准(Zhun)水(Shui)泥(Ni)进(Jin)行(Xing)外(Wai)加(Jia)剂(Ji)质(Zhi)量(Liang)检(Jian)测(Ce)。(?)
3.2 含(Han)气(Qi)量(Liang)
含(Han)气(Qi)量(Liang)是(Shi) 的(De)重(Zhong)要(Yao)性(Xing)能(Neng)指(Zhi)标(Biao)。(?)一(Yi)定(Ding)的(De)含(Han)气(Qi)量(Liang)可(Ke)以(Yi)提(Ti)升(Sheng) 的(De)耐(Nai)久(Jiu)性(Xing)和(He)和(He)易(Yi)性(Xing),(?) 经(Jing)过(Guo)搅(Jiao)拌(Ban)、(?)运(Yun)输(Shu)、(?)泵(Beng)送(Song)、(?)振(Zhen)捣(Dao)后(Hou),(?)与(Yu)实(Shi)验(Yan)室(Shi)测(Ce)试(Shi)结(Jie)果(Guo)相(Xiang)比(Bi),(?)含(Han)气(Qi)量(Liang)变(Bian)化(Hua)比(Bi)较(Jiao)大(Da),(?)而(?)且(Qie)使(Shi)用(Yong)基(Ji)准(Zhun)水(Shui)泥(Ni)测(Ce)试(Shi)的(De)含(Han)气(Qi)量(Liang)要(Yao)高(Gao)于(Yu)工(Gong)程(Cheng)水(Shui)泥(Ni)测(Ce)试(Shi)的(De)结(Jie)果(Guo),(?)主(Zhu)要(Yao)是(Shi)由(You)于(Yu)工(Gong)程(Cheng)水(Shui)泥(Ni)中(Zhong)混(Hun)合(He)材(Cai)料(Liao)比(Bi)较(Jiao)多(Duo),(?)会(Hui)吸(Xi)收(Shou)一(Yi)部(Bu)分(Fen)气(Qi)体(Ti)。(?)现(Xian)有(You)的(De)机(Ji)制(Zhi)砂(Sha)含(Han)泥(Ni)量(Liang)高(Gao)、(?)级(Ji)配(Pei)差(Cha),(?)绝(Jue)大(Da)部(Bu)分(Fen)不(Bu)能(Neng)满(Man)足(Zu)二(?)类(Lei)砂(Sha)标(Biao)准(Zhun),(?)在(Zai)配(Pei)置(Zhi)外(Wai)加(Jia)剂(Ji)时(Shi),(?)为(Wei)了(Liao)满(Man)足(Zu) 的(De)和(He)易(Yi)性(Xing)要(Yao)求(Qiu),(?)需(Xu)要(Yao)提(Ti)高(Gao)引(Yin)气(Qi)剂(Ji)用(Yong)量(Liang),(?)容(Rong)易(Yi)导(Dao)致(Zhi)含(Han)气(Qi)量(Liang)超(Chao)标(Biao),(?)所(Suo)以(Yi),(?)在(Zai)引(Yin)气(Qi)剂(Ji)量(Liang)一(Yi)定(Ding)的(De)情(Qing)况(Kuang)下(Xia),(?)如(Ru)果(Guo)对(Dui) 强(Qiang)度(Du)影(Ying)响(Xiang)不(Bu)大(Da),(?)可(Ke)以(Yi)适(Shi)当(Dang)放(Fang)宽(Kuan)含(Han)气(Qi)量(Liang)指(Zhi)标(Biao)。(?)
3.3 检(Jian)测(Ce)掺(Chan)量(Liang)
根(Gen)据(Ju)相(Xiang)关(Guan)规(Gui)定(Ding),(?) 外(Wai)加(Jia)剂(Ji)掺(Chan)量(Liang)需(Xu)要(Yao)按(An)照(Zhao)厂(Chang)家(Jia)指(Zhi)定(Ding)掺(Chan)量(Liang),(?)然(Ran)而(?)厂(Chang)家(Jia)指(Zhi)定(Ding)掺(Chan)量(Liang)往(Wang)往(Wang)存(Cun)在(Zai)偏(Pian)高(Gao)的(De)问(Wen)题(Ti),(?)导(Dao)致(Zhi)泌(Mi)水(Shui)、(?)抓(Zhua)底(Di)等(Deng)情(Qing)况(Kuang)出(Chu)现(Xian),(?)检(Jian)测(Ce)出(Chu)的(De)减(Jian)水(Shui)率(Lu)比(Bi)较(Jiao)高(Gao),(?)抗(Kang)压(Ya)强(Qiang)度(Du)比(Bi)也(Ye)偏(Pian)高(Gao),(?)所(Suo)以(Yi),(?)在(Zai)检(Jian)验(Yan)中(Zhong)可(Ke)以(Yi)采(Cai)用(Yong)折(Zhe)固(Gu)确(Que)定(Ding)掺(Chan)量(Liang),(?)高(Gao)性(Xing)能(Neng)减(Jian)水(Shui)剂(Ji)统(Tong)一(Yi)折(Zhe)固(Gu)16%含(Han)量(Liang),(?)1%掺(Chan)量(Liang),(?)其(Qi)他(Ta)统(Tong)一(Yi)折(Zhe)固(Gu)8%含(Han)量(Liang),(?)1.6%掺(Chan)量(Liang)。(?)同(Tong)时(Shi),(?)在(Zai)匀(Yun)质(Zhi)性(Xing)指(Zhi)标(Biao)中(Zhong),(?)明(Ming)确(Que)了(Liao)增(Zeng)加(Jia)含(Han)固(Gu)量(Liang)的(De)要(Yao)求(Qiu),(?)当(Dang)含(Han)固(Gu)量(Liang)满(Man)足(Zu)要(Yao)求(Qiu)时(Shi),(?)外(Wai)加(Jia)剂(Ji)实(Shi)际(Ji)掺(Chan)量(Liang)和(He)折(Zhe)固(Gu)掺(Chan)量(Liang)能(Neng)够(Gou)对(Dui)应(Ying),(?)所(Suo)以(Yi),(?)统(Tong)一(Yi)采(Cai)用(Yong)折(Zhe)固(Gu)掺(Chan)量(Liang)比(Bi)较(Jiao)可(Ke)靠(Kao)。(?)
3.4 相(Xiang)容(Rong)性(Xing)
水(Shui)泥(Ni)外(Wai)加(Jia)剂(Ji)掺(Chan)合(He)料(Liao)的(De)相(Xiang)容(Rong)性(Xing)问(Wen)题(Ti)会(Hui)影(Ying)响(Xiang) 性(Xing)能(Neng),(?)许(Xu)多(Duo)水(Shui)泥(Ni)成(Cheng)分(Fen)比(Bi)较(Jiao)复(Fu)杂(Za),(?)而(?)且(Qie)不(Bu)同(Tong)厂(Chang)家(Jia)、(?)不(Bu)同(Tong)批(Pi)次(Ci)的(De)水(Shui)泥(Ni)也(Ye)会(Hui)有(You)所(Suo)差(Cha)异(Yi),(?)掺(Chan)合(He)料(Liao)的(De)品(Pin)质(Zhi)参(Can)差(Cha)不(Bu)齐(Qi),(?)这(Zhe)些(Xie)都(Du)会(Hui)影(Ying)响(Xiang)不(Bu)同(Tong)物(Wu)质(Zhi)间(Jian)的(De)相(Xiang)容(Rong)性(Xing)。(?)在(Zai)相(Xiang)关(Guan)技(Ji)术(Shu)规(Gui)程(Cheng)中(Zhong),(?)明(Ming)确(Que)阐(Chan)述(Shu)了(Liao)相(Xiang)容(Rong)性(Xing)检(Jian)验(Yan)方(Fang)法(Fa),(?)对(Dui)砂(Sha)浆(Jiang)配(Pei)合(He)比(Bi)、(?)水(Shui)胶(Jiao)比(Bi)、(?)砂(Sha)浆(Jiang)总(Zong)量(Liang)等(Deng)方(Fang)面(Mian)均(Jun)提(Ti)出(Chu)了(Liao)明(Ming)确(Que)要(Yao)求(Qiu),(?)通(Tong)过(Guo)试(Shi)验(Yan)表(Biao)明(Ming),(?)相(Xiang)容(Rong)性(Xing)检(Jian)验(Yan)具(Ju)有(You)一(Yi)定(Ding)的(De)可(Ke)靠(Kao)性(Xing),(?)可(Ke)以(Yi)大(Da)致(Zhi)反(Fan)映(Ying) 实(Shi)际(Ji)状(Zhuang)况(Kuang)。(?)
4. 外(Wai)加(Jia)剂(Ji)的(De)具(Ju)体(Ti)应(Ying)用(Yong)研(Yan)究(Jiu)
4.1 减(Jian)水(Shui)剂(Ji)
减(Jian)水(Shui)剂(Ji)是(Shi)一(Yi)种(Zhong)具(Ju)有(You)减(Jian)水(Shui)增(Zeng)强(Qiang)作(Zuo)用(Yong)的(De)外(Wai)加(Jia)剂(Ji),(?)具(Ju)有(You)显(Xian)著(Zhu)的(De)技(Ji)术(Shu)经(Jing)济(Ji)效(Xiao)益(Yi)。(?)在(Zai)保(Bao)持(Chi)坍(Tan)落(Luo)度(Du)不(Bu)变(Bian)的(De)情(Qing)况(Kuang)下(Xia),(?)使(Shi)用(Yong)减(Jian)水(Shui)剂(Ji)能(Neng)够(Gou)减(Jian)少(Shao)单(Dan)位(Wei) 用(Yong)水(Shui)量(Liang),(?)降(Jiang)低(Di)水(Shui)灰(Hui)比(Bi),(?)从(Cong)而(?)提(Ti)高(Gao) 强(Qiang)度(Du),(?)改(Gai)善(Shan)密(Mi)实(Shi)度(Du)和(He)耐(Nai)久(Jiu)性(Xing);(?)在(Zai)保(Bao)持(Chi)用(Yong)水(Shui)量(Liang)不(Bu)变(Bian)的(De)情(Qing)况(Kuang)下(Xia),(?)使(Shi)用(Yong)减(Jian)水(Shui)剂(Ji)能(Neng)够(Gou)增(Zeng)强(Qiang) 的(De)流(Liu)动(Dong)性(Xing);(?)在(Zai)保(Bao)持(Chi) 强(Qiang)度(Du)不(Bu)变(Bian)的(De)情(Qing)况(Kuang)下(Xia),(?)使(Shi)用(Yong)减(Jian)水(Shui)剂(Ji)能(Neng)够(Gou)减(Jian)少(Shao)水(Shui)泥(Ni)用(Yong)量(Liang),(?)达(Da)到(Dao)节(Jie)省(Sheng)材(Cai)料(Liao)、(?)降(Jiang)低(Di)能(Neng)耗(Hao)的(De)效(Xiao)果(Guo)。(?)在(Zai)实(Shi)际(Ji)施(Shi)工(Gong)过(Guo)程(Cheng)中(Zhong),(?)比(Bi)较(Jiao)常(Chang)用(Yong)的(De)碱(Jian)水(Shui)剂(Ji)品(Pin)种(Zhong)包(Bao)括(Kuo)普(Pu)通(Tong)减(Jian)水(Shui)剂(Ji)、(?)高(Gao)性(Xing)能(Neng)减(Jian)水(Shui)剂(Ji)、(?)高(Gao)效(Xiao)减(Jian)水(Shui)剂(Ji),(?)需(Xu)要(Yao)根(Gen)据(Ju)实(Shi)际(Ji)情(Qing)况(Kuang)和(He)作(Zuo)业(Ye)需(Xu)求(Qiu)合(He)理(Li)选(Xuan)择(Ze)。(?)
4.1.1 普(Pu)通(Tong)减(Jian)水(Shui)剂(Ji)
普(Pu)通(Tong)减(Jian)水(Shui)剂(Ji)的(De)主(Zhu)要(Yao)成(Cheng)分(Fen)为(Wei)木(Mu)质(Zhi)素(Su)磺(Huang)酸(Suan)盐(Yan)类(Lei),(?)比(Bi)如(Ru),(?)木(Mu)质(Zhi)素(Su)磺(Huang)酸(Suan)钙(Gai)、(?)木(Mu)质(Zhi)素(Su)磺(Huang)酸(Suan)镁(Mei)、(?)木(Mu)质(Zhi)素(Su)磺(Huang)酸(Suan)钠(Na),(?)可(Ke)以(Yi)实(Shi)现(Xian)引(Yin)气(Qi)减(Jian)水(Shui)缓(Huan)凝(Ning)的(De)效(Xiao)果(Guo),(?)通(Tong)常(Chang)应(Ying)用(Yong)于(Yu)日(Ri)最(Zui)低(Di)气(Qi)温(Wen)5℃(?)以(Yi)上(Shang)的(De)气(Qi)候(Hou)条(Tiao)件(Jian),(?)要(Yao)求(Qiu) 强(Qiang)度(Du)等(Deng)级(Ji)在(Zai)C40以(Yi)下(Xia),(?)同(Tong)时(Shi),(?)对(Dui) 养(Yang)护(Hu)提(Ti)出(Chu)了(Liao)一(Yi)定(Ding)的(De)要(Yao)求(Qiu),(?)普(Pu)通(Tong)碱(Jian)水(Shui)剂(Ji)不(Bu)宜(Yi)单(Dan)独(Du)应(Ying)用(Yong)于(Yu)蒸(Zheng)养(Yang) 。(?)
4.1.2 高(Gao)性(Xing)能(Neng)减(Jian)水(Shui)剂(Ji)
高(Gao)性(Xing)能(Neng)减(Jian)水(Shui)剂(Ji)是(Shi)一(Yi)种(Zhong)新(Xin)型(Xing)的(De)外(Wai)加(Jia)剂(Ji),(?)主(Zhu)要(Yao)成(Cheng)分(Fen)为(Wei)聚(Ju)竣(Jun)酸(Suan)盐(Yan)类(Lei),(?)可(Ke)以(Yi)分(Fen)为(Wei)标(Biao)准(Zhun)型(Xing)、(?)缓(Huan)凝(Ning)型(Xing)、(?)早(Zao)强(Qiang)型(Xing)等(Deng)多(Duo)种(Zhong)类(Lei)型(Xing),(?)具(Ju)有(You)更(Geng)高(Gao)的(De)减(Jian)水(Shui)率(Lu)、(?)更(Geng)好(Hao)的(De)坍(Tan)落(Luo)度(Du)保(Bao)持(Chi)性(Xing)能(Neng)以(Yi)及(Ji)较(Jiao)小(Xiao)的(De)干(Gan)燥(Zao)收(Shou)缩(Suo),(?)而(?)且(Qie)具(Ju)有(You)一(Yi)定(Ding)的(De)引(Yin)气(Qi)性(Xing)能(Neng)。(?)
高(Gao)性(Xing)能(Neng)减(Jian)水(Shui)剂(Ji)既(Ji)适(Shi)用(Yong)于(Yu)素(Su) ,(?)又(You)可(Ke)以(Yi)用(Yong)于(Yu)钢(Gang)筋(Jin) 和(He)预(Yu)应(Ying)力(Li) ,(?)尤(You)其(Qi)是(Shi)在(Zai)高(Gao)强(Qiang) 、(?)自(Zi)密(Mi)实(Shi) 、(?)清(Qing)水(Shui) 、(?)泵(Beng)送(Song) 、(?)钢(Gang)管(Guan) 、(?)预(Yu)制(Zhi)构(Gou)件(Jian) 等(Deng)高(Gao)要(Yao)求(Qiu) 施(Shi)工(Gong)中(Zhong)体(Ti)现(Xian)出(Chu)较(Jiao)强(Qiang)优(You)势(Shi)。(?)
缓(Huan)凝(Ning)型(Xing)高(Gao)性(Xing)能(Neng)减(Jian)水(Shui)剂(Ji)适(Shi)用(Yong)于(Yu)大(Da)体(Ti)积(Ji) ,(?)在(Zai)日(Ri)最(Zui)低(Di)气(Qi)温(Wen)5℃(?)以(Yi)下(Xia)时(Shi)不(Bu)宜(Yi)使(Shi)用(Yong),(?)早(Zao)强(Qiang)型(Xing)高(Gao)性(Xing)能(Neng)减(Jian)水(Shui)剂(Ji)可(Ke)用(Yong)于(Yu)低(Di)温(Wen)季(Ji)节(Jie)施(Shi)工(Gong),(?)但(Dan)日(Ri)最(Zui)低(Di)气(Qi)温(Wen)不(Bu)能(Neng)低(Di)于(Yu)-5℃(?),(?)可(Ke)以(Yi)满(Man)足(Zu)有(You)早(Zao)强(Qiang)要(Yao)求(Qiu)的(De) 工(Gong)程(Cheng),(?)不(Bu)适(Shi)用(Yong)于(Yu)大(Da)体(Ti)积(Ji)混(Hun)凝(Ning)。(?)
4.1.3 高(Gao)效(Xiao)减(Jian)水(Shui)剂(Ji)
高(Gao)效(Xiao)减(Jian)水(Shui)剂(Ji)是(Shi)试(Shi)验(Yan)阶(Jie)段(Duan)应(Ying)用(Yong)最(Zui)广(Guang)泛(Fan)、(?)使(Shi)用(Yong)量(Liang)最(Zui)大(Da)的(De)外(Wai)加(Jia)剂(Ji),(?)具(Ju)有(You)较(Jiao)高(Gao)的(De)减(Jian)水(Shui)率(Lu)和(He)较(Jiao)低(Di)的(De)引(Yin)气(Qi)量(Liang),(?)根(Gen)据(Ju)成(Cheng)分(Fen)不(Bu)同(Tong).可(Ke)以(Yi)划(Hua)分(Fen)为(Wei)多(Duo)环(Huan)芳(Fang)香(Xiang)族(Zu)、(?)磺(Huang)酸(Suan)盐(Yan)类(Lei)、(?)水(Shui)溶(Rong)性(Xing)树(Shu)脂(Zhi)磺(Huang)酸(Suan)盐(Yan)类(Lei)、(?)脂(Zhi)肪(Fang)族(Zu)类(Lei)。(?)同(Tong)样(Yang),(?)高(Gao)效(Xiao)减(Jian)水(Shui)剂(Ji)也(Ye)可(Ke)以(Yi)运(Yun)用(Yong)于(Yu)素(Su) 、(?)预(Yu)应(Ying)力(Li) 、(?)钢(Gang)筋(Jin) ,(?)标(Biao)准(Zhun)型(Xing)高(Gao)效(Xiao)减(Jian)水(Shui)剂(Ji)比(Bi)较(Jiao)适(Shi)用(Yong)于(Yu)日(Ri)最(Zui)低(Di)气(Qi)温(Wen)0℃(?)以(Yi)上(Shang)的(De)施(Shi)工(Gong)环(Huan)境(Jing),(?)可(Ke)以(Yi)用(Yong)于(Yu)蒸(Zheng)养(Yang) ,(?)缓(Huan)凝(Ning)型(Xing)高(Gao)效(Xiao)减(Jian)水(Shui)剂(Ji)能(Neng)够(Gou)有(You)效(Xiao)延(Yan)缓(Huan)凝(Ning)结(Jie)时(Shi)间(Jian),(?)比(Bi)较(Jiao)适(Shi)用(Yong)于(Yu)大(Da)体(Ti)积(Ji) 、(?)高(Gao)温(Wen)施(Shi)工(Gong) 、(?)碾(Nian)压(Ya) 、(?)自(Zi)密(Mi)实(Shi) 、(?)需(Xu)长(Chang)时(Shi)间(Jian)运(Yun)输(Shu)的(De) 等(Deng)情(Qing)况(Kuang),(?)能(Neng)够(Gou)满(Man)足(Zu)高(Gao)减(Jian)水(Shui)率(Lu)的(De)要(Yao)求(Qiu),(?)适(Shi)宜(Yi)在(Zai)日(Ri)最(Zui)低(Di)气(Qi)温(Wen)5℃(?)以(Yi)上(Shang)施(Shi)工(Gong)的(De) 中(Zhong)应(Ying)用(Yong)。(?)
4.2 早(Zao)强(Qiang)剂(Ji)
早(Zao)强(Qiang)剂(Ji)是(Shi)一(Yi)种(Zhong)能(Neng)够(Gou)有(You)效(Xiao)提(Ti)高(Gao) 早(Zao)期(Qi)强(Qiang)度(Du)的(De)外(Wai)加(Jia)剂(Ji),(?)如(Ru)果(Guo)兼(Jian)具(Ju)早(Zao)强(Qiang)和(He)减(Jian)水(Shui)的(De)双(Shuang)重(Zhong)作(Zuo)用(Yong),(?)那(Na)么(Me)应(Ying)该(Gai)称(Cheng)之(Zhi)为(Wei)早(Zao)强(Qiang)碱(Jian)水(Shui)剂(Ji)。(?)早(Zao)强(Qiang)剂(Ji)比(Bi)较(Jiao)适(Shi)用(Yong)于(Yu)冬(Dong)季(Ji)施(Shi)工(Gong)和(He)抢(Qiang)修(Xiu)工(Gong)程(Cheng),(?)在(Zai)炎(Yan)热(Re)条(Tiao)件(Jian)或(Huo)环(Huan)境(Jing)温(Wen)度(Du)低(Di)于(Yu)-5℃(?)时(Shi)不(Bu)宜(Yi)使(Shi)用(Yong),(?)大(Da)体(Ti)积(Ji) 会(Hui)释(Shi)放(Fang)大(Da)量(Liang)的(De)水(Shui)化(Hua)热(Re),(?)也(Ye)不(Bu)适(Shi)宜(Yi)使(Shi)用(Yong)早(Zao)强(Qiang)剂(Ji)。(?)现(Xian)阶(Jie)段(Duan),(?)比(Bi)较(Jiao)常(Chang)用(Yong)的(De)早(Zao)强(Qiang)剂(Ji)类(Lei)型(Xing)有(You)氯(Lu)盐(Yan)早(Zao)强(Qiang)剂(Ji)、(?)硫(Liu)酸(Suan)盐(Yan)早(Zao)强(Qiang)剂(Ji)、(?)三(San)乙(Yi)醇(Chun)胺(An)早(Zao)强(Qiang)剂(Ji),(?)另(Ling)外(Wai),(?)还(Huan)有(You)一(Yi)些(Xie)以(Yi)这(Zhe)3种(Zhong)为(Wei)基(Ji)础(Chu)的(De)复(Fu)合(He)型(Xing)早(Zao)强(Qiang)剂(Ji)。(?)
常(Chang)见(Jian)的(De)氯(Lu)盐(Yan)早(Zao)强(Qiang)剂(Ji)有(You)氯(Lu)化(Hua)钠(Na)、(?)氯(Lu)化(Hua)钙(Gai)等(Deng),(?)氯(Lu)化(Hua)钙(Gai)能(Neng)够(Gou)和(He)水(Shui)泥(Ni)中(Zhong)的(De)有(You)关(Guan)成(Cheng)分(Fen)发(Fa)生(Sheng)反(Fan)应(Ying),(?)可(Ke)以(Yi)增(Zeng)加(Jia)水(Shui)泥(Ni)石(Shi)中(Zhong)的(De)固(Gu)相(Xiang)比(Bi)例(Li),(?)促(Cu)进(Jin)水(Shui)泥(Ni)石(Shi)结(Jie)构(Gou)生(Sheng)成(Cheng),(?)减(Jian)少(Shao) 游(You)离(Li)水(Shui),(?)降(Jiang)低(Di)孔(Kong)隙(Xi)率(Lu),(?)缩(Suo)短(Duan)凝(Ning)结(Jie)时(Shi)间(Jian),(?)实(Shi)现(Xian)提(Ti)高(Gao)强(Qiang)度(Du)、(?)密(Mi)实(Shi)度(Du)、(?)抗(Kang)冻(Dong)性(Xing)的(De)效(Xiao)果(Guo),(?)但(Dan)是(Shi)氯(Lu)盐(Yan)早(Zao)强(Qiang)剂(Ji)会(Hui)对(Dui)钢(Gang)筋(Jin)产(Chan)生(Sheng)腐(Fu)蚀(Shi)作(Zuo)用(Yong),(?)因(Yin)此(Ci),(?)不(Bu)能(Neng)用(Yong)于(Yu)预(Yu)应(Ying)力(Li) 施(Shi)工(Gong)。(?)硫(Liu)酸(Suan)钠(Na)早(Zao)强(Qiang)剂(Ji)是(Shi)常(Chang)见(Jian)的(De)硫(Liu)酸(Suan)盐(Yan)早(Zao)强(Qiang)剂(Ji),(?)易(Yi)溶(Rong)于(Yu)水(Shui),(?)在(Zai)掺(Chan)入(Ru) 后(Hou),(?)可(Ke)以(Yi)与(Yu)水(Shui)泥(Ni)中(Zhong)的(De)成(Cheng)分(Fen)发(Fa)生(Sheng)一(Yi)系(Xi)列(Lie)化(Hua)学(Xue)作(Zuo)用(Yong),(?)最(Zui)终(Zhong)生(Sheng)成(Cheng)水(Shui)化(Hua)硫(Liu)铝(Lu)酸(Suan)钙(Gai),(?)可(Ke)以(Yi)加(Jia)速(Su)水(Shui)泥(Ni)的(De)硬(Ying)化(Hua)。(?)
氯(Lu)盐(Yan)早(Zao)强(Qiang)剂(Ji)和(He)硫(Liu)酸(Suan)盐(Yan)早(Zao)强(Qiang)剂(Ji)都(Du)属(Shu)于(Yu)无(Wu)机(Ji)盐(Yan)类(Lei)早(Zao)强(Qiang)剂(Ji),(?)不(Bu)适(Shi)宜(Yi)在(Zai)相(Xiang)对(Dui)湿(Shi)度(Du)比(Bi)较(Jiao)高(Gao)的(De)环(Huan)境(Jing)中(Zhong)使(Shi)用(Yong),(?)对(Dui)于(Yu)直(Zhi)接(Jie)接(Jie)触(Chu)腐(Fu)蚀(Shi)性(Xing)介(Jie)质(Zhi)的(De)结(Jie)构(Gou)、(?)有(You)装(Zhuang)饰(Shi)要(Yao)求(Qiu)的(De) 也(Ye)不(Bu)适(Shi)用(Yong)。(?)三(San)乙(Yi)醇(Chun)胺(An)早(Zao)强(Qiang)剂(Ji)是(Shi)一(Yi)种(Zhong)有(You)机(Ji)化(Hua)学(Xue)物(Wu)质(Zhi),(?)不(Bu)会(Hui)对(Dui)钢(Gang)筋(Jin)产(Chan)生(Sheng)锈(Xiu)蚀(Shi)作(Zuo)用(Yong),(?)可(Ke)以(Yi)应(Ying)用(Yong)于(Yu)预(Yu)应(Ying)力(Li) 施(Shi)工(Gong)中(Zhong),(?)不(Bu)宜(Yi)用(Yong)于(Yu)蒸(Zheng)养(Yang) ,(?)在(Zai)实(Shi)际(Ji)应(Ying)用(Yong)时(Shi),(?)单(Dan)独(Du)使(Shi)用(Yong)的(De)效(Xiao)果(Guo)不(Bu)佳(Jia),(?)通(Tong)常(Chang)会(Hui)与(Yu)其(Qi)他(Ta)盐(Yan)类(Lei)组(Zu)成(Cheng)复(Fu)合(He)早(Zao)强(Qiang)剂(Ji),(?)效(Xiao)果(Guo)会(Hui)更(Geng)好(Hao)。(?)
4.3 引(Yin)气(Qi)剂(Ji)
引(Yin)气(Qi)剂(Ji)是(Shi)一(Yi)种(Zhong)能(Neng)够(Gou)引(Yin)入(Ru)大(Da)量(Liang)分(Fen)布(Bu)均(Jun)匀(Yun)、(?)稳(Wen)定(Ding)封(Feng)闭(Bi)、(?)微(Wei)小(Xiao)气(Qi)泡(Pao)的(De) 外(Wai)加(Jia)剂(Ji),(?)能(Neng)够(Gou)减(Jian)少(Shao)拌(Ban)和(He)物(Wu)的(De)泌(Mi)水(Shui)离(Li)析(Xi),(?)改(Gai)善(Shan) 的(De)和(He)易(Yi)性(Xing),(?)并(Bing)且(Qie)显(Xian)著(Zhu)提(Ti)升(Sheng)抗(Kang)冻(Dong)融(Rong)、(?)耐(Nai)久(Jiu)性(Xing),(?)如(Ru)果(Guo)兼(Jian)具(Ju)引(Yin)气(Qi)和(He)减(Jian)水(Shui)双(Shuang)重(Zhong)作(Zuo)用(Yong),(?)那(Na)么(Me)应(Ying)该(Gai)称(Cheng)之(Zhi)为(Wei)引(Yin)气(Qi)减(Jian)水(Shui)剂(Ji)。(?)常(Chang)用(Yong)的(De)引(Yin)气(Qi)剂(Ji)包(Bao)括(Kuo)松(Song)香(Xiang)树(Shu)脂(Zhi)类(Lei)、(?)烷(Wan)基(Ji)苯(Ben)磺(Huang)酸(Suan)盐(Yan)类(Lei)、(?)脂(Zhi)肪(Fang)醇(Chun)磺(Huang)酸(Suan)盐(Yan)类(Lei)等(Deng),(?)松(Song)香(Xiang)树(Shu)脂(Zhi)类(Lei)中(Zhong)的(De)松(Song)香(Xiang)热(Re)聚(Ju)物(Wu)的(De)使(Shi)用(Yong)效(Xiao)果(Guo)更(Geng)好(Hao),(?)应(Ying)用(Yong)范(Fan)围(Wei)更(Geng)广(Guang)。(?)
引(Yin)气(Qi)减(Jian)水(Shui)剂(Ji)不(Bu)但(Dan)能(Neng)够(Gou)实(Shi)现(Xian)引(Yin)气(Qi)的(De)效(Xiao)果(Guo),(?)而(?)且(Qie)可(Ke)以(Yi)通(Tong)过(Guo)减(Jian)水(Shui)作(Zuo)用(Yong),(?)提(Ti)升(Sheng) 强(Qiang)度(Du),(?)能(Neng)够(Gou)有(You)效(Xiao)解(Jie)决(Jue)特(Te)殊(Shu)环(Huan)境(Jing)下(Xia)的(De) 耐(Nai)久(Jiu)性(Xing)问(Wen)题(Ti),(?)在(Zai)港(Gang)口(Kou)、(?)桥(Qiao)梁(Liang)、(?)道(Dao)路(Lu)、(?)大(Da)坝(Ba)等(Deng)工(Gong)程(Cheng)中(Zhong)应(Ying)用(Yong)效(Xiao)果(Guo)明(Ming)显(Xian)。(?)引(Yin)气(Qi)剂(Ji)和(He)引(Yin)气(Qi)减(Jian)水(Shui)剂(Ji)能(Neng)够(Gou)用(Yong)于(Yu)防(Fang)渗(Shen)、(?)抗(Kang)冻(Dong)、(?)抗(Kang)硫(Liu)酸(Suan)盐(Yan) ,(?)而(?)且(Qie)在(Zai)贫(Pin) 、(?)泌(Mi)水(Shui)严(Yan)重(Zhong) 、(?)轻(Qing)骨(Gu)料(Liao) 、(?)有(You)饰(Shi)面(Mian)要(Yao)求(Qiu)的(De) 中(Zhong)均(Jun)可(Ke)使(Shi)用(Yong),(?)但(Dan)不(Bu)宜(Yi)用(Yong)于(Yu)预(Yu)应(Ying)力(Li) 和(He)蒸(Zheng)养(Yang) 。(?)
4.4 缓(Huan)凝(Ning)剂(Ji)
缓(Huan)凝(Ning)剂(Ji)是(Shi)一(Yi)种(Zhong)能(Neng)够(Gou)延(Yan)缓(Huan) 凝(Ning)结(Jie)时(Shi)间(Jian)的(De)外(Wai)加(Jia)剂(Ji),(?)但(Dan)并(Bing)不(Bu)会(Hui)明(Ming)显(Xian)降(Jiang)低(Di) 最(Zui)终(Zhong)强(Qiang)度(Du),(?)如(Ru)果(Guo)兼(Jian)具(Ju)缓(Huan)凝(Ning)和(He)减(Jian)水(Shui)双(Shuang)重(Zhong)作(Zuo)用(Yong),(?)那(Na)么(Me)应(Ying)该(Gai)称(Cheng)之(Zhi)为(Wei)缓(Huan)凝(Ning)减(Jian)水(Shui)剂(Ji)。(?)常(Chang)用(Yong)的(De)缓(Huan)凝(Ning)剂(Ji)种(Zhong)类(Lei)有(You)糖(Tang)类(Lei)、(?)木(Mu)质(Zhi)素(Su)磺(Huang)酸(Suan)盐(Yan)类(Lei)等(Deng),(?)其(Qi)中(Zhong)以(Yi)糖(Tang)类(Lei)中(Zhong)的(De)糖(Tang)蜜(Mi)效(Xiao)果(Guo)最(Zui)佳(Jia),(?)木(Mu)质(Zhi)素(Su)磺(Huang)酸(Suan)盐(Yan)类(Lei)中(Zhong)的(De)木(Mu)质(Zhi)素(Su)磺(Huang)酸(Suan)钙(Gai)应(Ying)用(Yong)也(Ye)比(Bi)较(Jiao)多(Duo)。(?)根(Gen)据(Ju)缓(Huan)凝(Ning)剂(Ji)的(De)特(Te)点(Dian)可(Ke)知(Zhi),(?)缓(Huan)凝(Ning)剂(Ji)比(Bi)较(Jiao)适(Shi)用(Yong)于(Yu)炎(Yan)热(Re)条(Tiao)件(Jian)下(Xia)施(Shi)工(Gong),(?)在(Zai)大(Da)体(Ti)积(Ji) 、(?)长(Chang)距(Ju)离(Li)运(Yun)输(Shu) 等(Deng)具(Ju)有(You)一(Yi)定(Ding)时(Shi)间(Jian)要(Yao)求(Qiu)的(De) 工(Gong)程(Cheng)中(Zhong)应(Ying)用(Yong)效(Xiao)果(Guo)良(Liang)好(Hao),(?)但(Dan)不(Bu)宜(Yi)单(Dan)独(Du)用(Yong)于(Yu)蒸(Zheng)养(Yang) 。(?)
4.5 膨(Peng)胀(Zhang)剂(Ji)
膨(Peng)胀(Zhang)剂(Ji)是(Shi)一(Yi)种(Zhong)能(Neng)够(Gou)让(Rang) 体(Ti)积(Ji)膨(Peng)胀(Zhang)的(De)外(Wai)加(Jia)剂(Ji),(?)膨(Peng)胀(Zhang)剂(Ji)会(Hui)与(Yu) 中(Zhong)的(De)水(Shui)分(Fen)发(Fa)生(Sheng)反(Fan)应(Ying),(?)形(Xing)成(Cheng)膨(Peng)胀(Zhang)性(Xing)水(Shui)化(Hua)物(Wu),(?)这(Zhe)样(Yang)就(Jiu)可(Ke)以(Yi)抵(Di)消(Xiao) 凝(Ning)结(Jie)过(Guo)程(Cheng)中(Zhong)的(De)收(Shou)缩(Suo)问(Wen)题(Ti)。(?)根(Gen)据(Ju)化(Hua)学(Xue)成(Cheng)分(Fen),(?)膨(Peng)胀(Zhang)剂(Ji)主(Zhu)要(Yao)包(Bao)括(Kuo)硫(Liu)铝(Lu)酸(Suan)盐(Yan)系(Xi)膨(Peng)胀(Zhang)剂(Ji)、(?)铁(Tie)粉(Fen)系(Xi)膨(Peng)胀(Zhang)剂(Ji)、(?)石(Shi)灰(Hui)系(Xi)膨(Peng)胀(Zhang)剂(Ji)、(?)铝(Lu)化(Hua)镁(Mei)型(Xing)膨(Peng)胀(Zhang)剂(Ji)以(Yi)及(Ji)复(Fu)合(He)型(Xing)膨(Peng)胀(Zhang)剂(Ji)。(?)
鉴(Jian)于(Yu)膨(Peng)胀(Zhang)剂(Ji)的(De)特(Te)点(Dian),(?)常(Chang)用(Yong)于(Yu) 防(Fang)裂(Lie)、(?)补(Bu)强(Qiang)堵(Du)塞(Sai)、(?)防(Fang)水(Shui)接(Jie)缝(Feng),(?)如(Ru)果(Guo)用(Yong)在(Zai)自(Zi)应(Ying)力(Li) ,(?)膨(Peng)胀(Zhang)率(Lu)远(Yuan)大(Da)于(Yu)收(Shou)缩(Suo)率(Lu),(?)就(Jiu)可(Ke)以(Yi)实(Shi)现(Xian)预(Yu)应(Ying)力(Li) 的(De)效(Xiao)果(Guo),(?)因(Yin)此(Ci),(?)经(Jing)常(Chang)用(Yong)在(Zai)自(Zi)应(Ying)力(Li)钢(Gang)筋(Jin) 输(Shu)油(You)、(?)输(Shu)气(Qi)、(?)输(Shu)水(Shui)压(Ya)力(Li)管(Guan)以(Yi)及(Ji)其(Qi)他(Ta)自(Zi)应(Ying)力(Li)钢(Gang)筋(Jin) 构(Gou)件(Jian)中(Zhong)。(?)对(Dui)于(Yu)使(Shi)用(Yong)硫(Liu)铝(Lu)酸(Suan)钙(Gai)膨(Peng)胀(Zhang)剂(Ji)的(De) ,(?)不(Bu)能(Neng)用(Yong)于(Yu)作(Zuo)业(Ye)环(Huan)境(Jing)达(Da)到(Dao)80℃(?)以(Yi)上(Shang)的(De)情(Qing)况(Kuang),(?)对(Dui)于(Yu)使(Shi)用(Yong)石(Shi)灰(Hui)类(Lei)或(Huo)硫(Liu)铝(Lu)酸(Suan)钙(Gai)类(Lei)膨(Peng)胀(Zhang)剂(Ji)的(De) ,(?)不(Bu)适(Shi)用(Yong)于(Yu)添(Tian)加(Jia)氯(Lu)盐(Yan)类(Lei)外(Wai)加(Jia)剂(Ji)问(Wen)。(?)
5.结(Jie)语(Yu)
综(Zong)上(Shang)所(Suo)述(Shu),(?)在(Zai) 工(Gong)程(Cheng)施(Shi)工(Gong)中(Zhong),(?)外(Wai)加(Jia)剂(Ji)的(De)使(Shi)用(Yong)已(Yi)经(Jing)进(Jin)入(Ru)常(Chang)态(Tai)化(Hua),(?)可(Ke)以(Yi)有(You)效(Xiao)改(Gai)善(Shan) 性(Xing)能(Neng),(?)满(Man)足(Zu)各(Ge)种(Zhong)施(Shi)工(Gong)条(Tiao)件(Jian)和(He)要(Yao)求(Qiu),(?)实(Shi)现(Xian)事(Shi)半(Ban)功(Gong)倍(Bei)的(De)施(Shi)工(Gong)效(Xiao)果(Guo)。(?)本(Ben)文(Wen)阐(Chan)述(Shu)了(Liao) 外(Wai)加(Jia)剂(Ji)的(De)种(Zhong)类(Lei)和(He)作(Zuo)用(Yong),(?)分(Fen)析(Xi)了(Liao) 外(Wai)加(Jia)剂(Ji)检(Jian)测(Ce)问(Wen)题(Ti),(?)针(Zhen)对(Dui)几(Ji)种(Zhong)常(Chang)用(Yong)外(Wai)加(Jia)剂(Ji)类(Lei)型(Xing)进(Jin)行(Xing)着(Zhuo)重(Zhong)研(Yan)究(Jiu),(?)希(Xi)望(Wang)能(Neng)够(Gou)起(Qi)到(Dao)积(Ji)极(Ji)的(De)现(Xian)实(Shi)意(Yi)义(Yi),(?)保(Bao)证(Zheng)外(Wai)加(Jia)剂(Ji)的(De)规(Gui)范(Fan)应(Ying)用(Yong),(?)提(Ti)高(Gao) 工(Gong)程(Cheng)实(Shi)施(Shi)质(Zhi)量(Liang)。(?)